Quantum numbers

const Abelian = AbelianQuantumNumber

Type alias for AbelianQuantumNumber.

AbelianGradedSpace(quantumnumbers::AbstractVector{<:AbelianQuantumNumber}, dimensions::AbstractVector{<:Integer}, dual::Bool=false; ordercheck::Bool=false, duplicatecheck::Bool=false, degeneracycheck::Bool=false)

Construct an Abelian graded space.

Here:

• quantumnumbers specifies the Abelian quantum numbers labeling the irreducible representations of the corresponding Abelian group which must be sorted in the ascending order. Such an ordering should be manually guaranteed by the user. When and only when the keyword argument ordercheck is true, the constructor will check whether this condition is satisfied and raise an error if it doesn't. Besides, quantumnumbers must not contain duplicate Abelian quantum numbers, manually guaranteed by the user as well. This condition can be checked when and only when both ordercheck==true and duplicatecheck==true. An error will be raised if this check fails.
• dimensions specifies the degenerate dimensions of the corresponding Abelian quantum numbers. Apparently, each degenerate dimension must be positive, which should also be manually guaranteed by the user. When and only when the keyword argument degeneracycheck is true, the constructor will check whether this condition is satisfied and raise an error if it doesn't.
• dual specifies whether the graded space is the dual representation of the corresponding Abelian group, which roughly speaking, can be viewed as the direction of the arrow of the Abelian quantum numbers labeling the irreducible representations. We assume dual==true corresponds to the in-arrow and dual==false corresponds to the out-arrow.

AbelianGradedSpace{QN<:AbelianQuantumNumber} <: RepresentationSpace{QN}

A quantum representation space of an Abelian group that has been decomposed into the direct sum of its irreducible representations.

AbelianGradedSpace(pairs; dual::Bool=false)
AbelianGradedSpace(pairs::Pair...; dual::Bool=false)
AbelianGradedSpace{QN}(pairs; dual::Bool=false) where {QN<:AbelianQuantumNumber}
AbelianGradedSpace{QN}(pairs::Pair...; dual::Bool=false) where {QN<:AbelianQuantumNumber}

Construct an Abelian graded space.

In this function, the Abelian quantum numbers will be sorted automatically, therefore, their orders need not be worried. Duplicate and dimension checks of the quantum numbers are also carried out and errors will be raised if either such checks fails.

AbelianGradedSpaceProd{N, QN<:AbelianQuantumNumber} <: CompositeAbelianGradedSpace{N, QN}

Direct product of Abelian graded spaces.

AbelianGradedSpaceSum{N, QN<:AbelianQuantumNumber} <: CompositeAbelianGradedSpace{N, QN}

Direct sum of Abelian graded spaces.

AbelianQuantumNumber

Abstract type of Abelian quantum numbers.

An Abelian quantum number is the label of a irreducible representation of an Abelian group acted on a quantum representation space.

AbelianQuantumNumberProd{T<:Tuple{Vararg{SimpleAbelianQuantumNumber}}} <: AbelianQuantumNumber

Deligne tensor product of simple Abelian quantum numbers.

AbelianQuantumNumberProd(contents::SimpleAbelianQuantumNumber...)
AbelianQuantumNumberProd(contents::Tuple{Vararg{SimpleAbelianQuantumNumber}})

Construct a Deligne tensor product of simple Abelian quantum numbers.

AbelianQuantumNumberProd{T}(vs::Vararg{Number, N}) where {N, T<:NTuple{N, SimpleAbelianQuantumNumber}}
AbelianQuantumNumberProd{T}(vs::NTuple{N, Number}) where {N, T<:NTuple{N, SimpleAbelianQuantumNumber}}

Construct a Deligne tensor product of simple Abelian quantum numbers by their values.

CompositeAbelianGradedSpace{N, QN<:AbelianQuantumNumber} <: RepresentationSpace{QN}

Abstract type of composite Abelian graded spaces.

const Graded = AbelianGradedSpace

Type alias for AbelianGradedSpace.

Momenta{P<:𝕂} <: RepresentationSpace{P}

Complete allowed set of momenta.

RepresentationSpace{QN<:AbelianQuantumNumber} <: VectorSpace{QN}

Abstract type of quantum representation spaces of Abelian groups.

SimpleAbelianQuantumNumber <: AbelianQuantumNumber

Abstract type of simple Abelian quantum numbers. That is, it contains only one label.

ℕ <: <: 𝕌₁

Concrete Abelian quantum number of the particle number.

ℤ{N} <: SimpleAbelianQuantumNumber

ℤₙ quantum numbers.

const ℤ₁ = ℤ{1}
const ℤ₂ = ℤ{2}
const ℤ₃ = ℤ{3}
const ℤ₄ = ℤ{4}

Alias for ℤ₁/ℤ₂/ℤ₃/ℤ₄ quantum numbers.

const 𝕂 = AbelianQuantumNumberProd{<:Tuple{Vararg{ℤ}}}
const 𝕂¹{N} = AbelianQuantumNumberProd{Tuple{ℤ{N}}}
const 𝕂²{N₁, N₂} = AbelianQuantumNumberProd{Tuple{ℤ{N₁}, ℤ{N₂}}}
const 𝕂³{N₁, N₂, N₃} = AbelianQuantumNumberProd{Tuple{ℤ{N₁}, ℤ{N₂}, ℤ{N₃}}}

Type alias for the Abelian quantum numbers of 1d, 2d and 3d momentum.

𝕂¹{N}(k::Integer) where N
𝕂²{N}(k₁::Integer, k₂::Integer) where N
𝕂²{N₁, N₂}(k₁::Integer, k₂::Integer) where {N₁, N₂}
𝕂³{N}(k₁::Integer, k₂::Integer, k₃::Integer) where N
𝕂³{N₁, N₂, N₃}(k₁::Integer, k₂::Integer, k₃::Integer) where {N₁, N₂, N₃}

Construct 1d, 2d and 3d momentum.

𝕊ᶻ <: 𝕌₁

Concrete Abelian quantum number of the z-component of a spin.

𝕌₁ <: SimpleAbelianQuantumNumber

Abstract type of 𝕌₁ quantum numbers.

+(qn::AbelianQuantumNumber) -> typeof(qn)

Overloaded + operator for AbelianQuantumNumber.

+(qn₁::QN, qn₂::QN, qns::QN...) where {QN<:AbelianQuantumNumberProd} -> QN

Overloaded + operator for AbelianQuantumNumberProd.

+(qn₁::QN, qn₂::QN, qns::QN...) where {QN<:SimpleAbelianQuantumNumber} -> QN

Overloaded + operator for SimpleAbelianQuantumNumber.

-(qn::AbelianQuantumNumberProd) -> typeof(qn)
-(qn₁::QN, qn₂::QN) where {QN<:AbelianQuantumNumberProd} -> QN

Overloaded - operator for AbelianQuantumNumberProd.

-(qn::SimpleAbelianQuantumNumber) -> typeof(qn)
-(qn₁::QN, qn₂::QN) where {QN<:SimpleAbelianQuantumNumber} -> QN

Overloaded - operator for SimpleAbelianQuantumNumber.

adjoint(gs::AbelianGradedSpace) -> typeof(gs)

Get the dual of an Abelian graded space.

cumsum(rs::RepresentationSpace, i::Union{Integer, CartesianIndex}) -> Int

Get the accumulative degenerate dimension up to the ith Abelian quantum number contained in a representation space.

cumsum(gs::AbelianGradedSpace{QN}, qn::QN) where {QN<:AbelianQuantumNumber} -> Int

Get the accumulative dimension of an Abelian graded space up to a certain Abelian quantum number contained in an Abelian graded space.

getindex(gs::AbelianGradedSpace, indexes::AbstractVector{<:Integer}) -> typeof(gs)
getindex(gs::AbelianGradedSpace{QN}, quantumnumbers::AbstractVector{QN}) where {QN<:AbelianQuantumNumber} -> AbelianGradedSpace{QN}

Get a subset of an Abelian graded space.

getindex(qn::AbelianQuantumNumberProd, i::Integer) -> SimpleAbelianQuantumNumber

Get the ith simple Abelian quantum number in a Deligne tensor product.

getindex(::Type{Abelian}, ::Type{T}) where {T<:AbelianQuantumNumber} -> Type{T}

Overloaded [] for Abelian, i.e., the support of syntax Abelian[T] where T<:AbelianQuantumNumber, which is helpful for the construction of tensor producted Abelian quantum numbers.

in(qn::QN, gs::AbelianGradedSpace{QN}) where {QN<:AbelianQuantumNumber} -> Bool

Check whether an Abelian quantum number is contained in an Abelian graded space.

inv(qn::AbelianQuantumNumber, bool::Bool=true) -> typeof(qn)

Get the inverse of an Abelian quantum number qn if bool is true. Otherwise, return qn itself.

length(gs::AbelianGradedSpace) -> Int

Get the number of inequivalent irreducible representations (i.e., the Abelian quantum numbers) of an Abelian graded space.

length(qn::AbelianQuantumNumberProd) -> Int

Get the length of a Deligne tensor product.

merge(rs::AbelianGradedSpaceProd) -> Tuple{AbelianGradedSpace{eltype(rs)}, Dict{eltype(rs), Vector{NTuple{rank(rs), eltype(rs)}}}}

Get the decomposition of the direct product of several Abelian graded spaces and its corresponding fusion processes.

For a set of Abelian graded spaces (gs₁, gs₂, ...), their direct product space can contain several equivalent irreducible representations because for different sets of Abelian quantum numbers (qn₁, qn₂, ...) where qnᵢ∈gsᵢ, the fusion, i.e., ⊗(qn₁, qn₂, ...) may give the same result qn. This function returns the decomposition of the direct product of (gs₁, gs₂, ...) as well as all the fusion processes of each quantum number contained in the decomposition.

pairs(rs::RepresentationSpace, ::typeof(dimension)) -> RepresentationSpacePairs
pairs(rs::RepresentationSpace, ::typeof(range)) -> RepresentationSpacePairs

Return an iterator that iterates over the pairs of the Abelian quantum numbers and their corresponding (slices of the) degenerate dimensions contained in a representation space.

range(gs::AbelianGradedSpace, qn::CartesianIndex) -> UnitRange{Int}
range(gs::AbelianGradedSpace{QN}, qn::QN) where {QN<:AbelianQuantumNumber} -> UnitRange{Int}

Get the slice of the degenerate dimension of an Abelian quantum number contained in an Abelian graded space.

range(rs::AbelianGradedSpaceProd, i::CartesianIndex) -> AbstractVector{Int}

Get the slice of the degenerate dimension of the ith Abelian quantum number in the direct product of several Abelian graded spaces.

range(rs::AbelianGradedSpaceSum, i::CartesianIndex) -> UnitRange{Int}

Get the slice of the degenerate dimension of the ith Abelian quantum number in the direct sum of several Abelian graded spaces.

range(rs::RepresentationSpace, i::Integer)

Get the slice of the degenerate dimension of the ith Abelian quantum number contained in a representation space.

range(rs::AbelianGradedSpaceProd{N, QN}, qns::NTuple{N, QN}) where {N, QN<:AbelianQuantumNumber} -> AbstractVector{Int}

Get the slice of the degenerate dimension of the Abelian quantum number fused by qns in the direct product of several Abelian graded spaces.

split(target::QN, rs::AbelianGradedSpaceProd{N, QN}; nmax::Real=20) where {N, QN<:AbelianQuantumNumber} -> Set{NTuple{N, QN}}

Find a set of splittings of the target Abelian quantum number with respect to the direct product of several Abelian graded spaces.

values(qn::AbelianQuantumNumberProd) -> NTuple{rank(qn), Number}

Get the values of the simple Abelian quantum numbers in a Deligne tensor product.

values(qn::SimpleAbelianQuantumNumber) -> Tuple{Number}

Get the value of a simple Abelian quantum number and return it as the sole element of a tuple.

zero(qn::AbelianQuantumNumber) -> typeof(qn)
zero(::Type{QN}) where {QN<:AbelianQuantumNumber} -> QN

Get the zero Abelian quantum number.

rank(qn::AbelianQuantumNumberProd) -> Int
rank(::Type{<:AbelianQuantumNumberProd}) -> Int

Get the rank of a Deligne tensor product of simple Abelian quantum numbers.

rank(rs::CompositeAbelianGradedSpace) -> Int
rank(::Type{<:CompositeAbelianGradedSpace{N}}) where N -> Int

Get the number of Abelian graded spaces in the direct sum.

⊕(gses::AbelianGradedSpace...) -> AbelianGradedSpaceSum
⊕(gs::AbelianGradedSpace, rs::AbelianGradedSpaceSum) -> AbelianGradedSpaceSum
⊕(rs::AbelianGradedSpaceSum, gs::AbelianGradedSpace) -> AbelianGradedSpaceSum
⊕(rs₁::AbelianGradedSpaceSum, rs₂::AbelianGradedSpaceSum) -> AbelianGradedSpaceSum

Get the direct sum of some Abelian graded spaces.

⊗(gses::AbelianGradedSpace...) -> AbelianGradedSpaceProd
⊗(gs::AbelianGradedSpace, rs::AbelianGradedSpaceProd) -> AbelianGradedSpaceProd
⊗(rs::AbelianGradedSpaceProd, gs::AbelianGradedSpace) -> AbelianGradedSpaceProd
⊗(rs₁::AbelianGradedSpaceProd, rs₂::AbelianGradedSpaceProd) -> AbelianGradedSpaceProd

Get the direct product of some Abelian graded spaces.

⊗(qns::AbelianQuantumNumber...) -> eltype(qns)

Get the direct product of some AbelianQuantumNumbers.

⊠(qns::SimpleAbelianQuantumNumber...) -> AbelianQuantumNumberProd
⊠(qn₁::SimpleAbelianQuantumNumber, qn₂::AbelianQuantumNumberProd) -> AbelianQuantumNumberProd
⊠(qn₁::AbelianQuantumNumberProd, qn₂::SimpleAbelianQuantumNumber) -> AbelianQuantumNumberProd
⊠(qn₁::AbelianQuantumNumberProd, qn₂::AbelianQuantumNumberProd) -> AbelianQuantumNumberProd

Deligne tensor product of Abelian quantum numbers.

⊠(QNS::Type{<:SimpleAbelianQuantumNumber}...) -> Type{AbelianQuantumNumberProd{Tuple{QNS...}}}
⊠(::Type{QN}, ::Type{AbelianQuantumNumberProd{T}}) where {QN<:SimpleAbelianQuantumNumber, T<:Tuple{Vararg{SimpleAbelianQuantumNumber}}} -> Type{AbelianQuantumNumberProd{Tuple{QN, fieldtypes(T)...}}}
⊠(::Type{AbelianQuantumNumberProd{T}}, ::Type{QN}) where {T<:Tuple{Vararg{SimpleAbelianQuantumNumber}}, QN<:SimpleAbelianQuantumNumber} -> Type{AbelianQuantumNumberProd{Tuple{fieldtypes(T)...}, QN}}
⊠(::Type{AbelianQuantumNumberProd{T₁}}, ::Type{AbelianQuantumNumberProd{T₂}}) where {T₁<:Tuple{Vararg{SimpleAbelianQuantumNumber}}, T₂<:Tuple{Vararg{SimpleAbelianQuantumNumber}}} -> Type{AbelianQuantumNumberProd{Tuple{fieldtypes(T₁)..., fieldtypes(T₂)...}}}

Deligne tensor product of Abelian quantum numbers.

findindex(position::Integer, gs::AbelianGradedSpace, guess::Integer) -> Int

Find the index of an Abelian quantum number in an Abelian graded space beginning at guess whose position in the complete dimension range is position.

period(qn::AbelianQuantumNumberProd, i::Integer) -> Number
period(::Type{AbelianQuantumNumberProd{T}}, i::Integer) where {T<:Tuple{Vararg{SimpleAbelianQuantumNumber}}} -> Number

Get the period of the ith simple Abelian number contained in a Deligne tensor product.

period(qn::SimpleAbelianQuantumNumber) -> Number
period(::Type{QN}) where {QN<:SimpleAbelianQuantumNumber} -> Number

Get the period of a simple Abelian quantum number.

periods(qn::AbelianQuantumNumber) -> Tuple{Vararg{Number}}
periods(::Type{QN}) where {QN<:AbelianQuantumNumber} -> Tuple{Vararg{Number}}

Get the periods of Abelian quantum numbers.

regularize!(quantumnumbers::Vector{<:AbelianQuantumNumber}, dimensions::Vector{Int}; check::Bool=false) -> Tuple{typeof(quantumnumbers), typeof(dimensions), Vector{Int}}

In place regularization of the input Abelian quantum numbers and their corresponding degenerate dimensions.

After the regularization, the Abelian quantum numbers will be sorted in the ascending order and duplicates will be merged together. The degenerate dimensions will be processed accordingly. When check is true, this function also check whether all input degenerate dimensions are positive. The regularized Abelian quantum numbers and degenerate dimensions, as well as the permutation vector that sorts the input Abelian quantum numbers, will be returned.

regularize(quantumnumbers::AbstractVector{<:AbelianQuantumNumber}, dimension::AbstractVector{<:Integer}; check::Bool=false) -> Tuple{Vector{eltype(quantumnumbers)}, Vector{Int}, Vector{Int}}

Regularize of the input Abelian quantum numbers and their corresponding degenerate dimensions.

See regularize!.

decompose(rs::CompositeAbelianGradedSpace; expand::Bool=true) -> Tuple{AbelianGradedSpace{eltype(rs)}, Vector{Int}}

Decompose a composite of several Abelian graded spaces to the canonical one.

When expand is false, the corresponding permutation vector that sorts the Abelian quantum numbers will be returned as well. When expand is true, the expanded dimension indexes of the permutation vector that sorts the Abelian quantum numbers will be returned as well.

dimension(gs::AbelianGradedSpace, qn::CartesianIndex) -> Int
dimension(gs::AbelianGradedSpace{QN}, qn::QN) where {QN<:AbelianQuantumNumber} -> Int

Get the degenerate dimension of an Abelian quantum number contained in an Abelian graded space.

dimension(rs::AbelianGradedSpaceProd, i::CartesianIndex) -> Int

Get the degenerate dimension of the ith Abelian quantum number in the direct product of several Abelian graded spaces.

dimension(rs::AbelianGradedSpaceProd) -> Int

Get the total dimension of the direct product of several Abelian graded spaces.

dimension(rs::AbelianGradedSpaceSum, i::CartesianIndex) -> Int

Get the degenerate dimension of the ith Abelian quantum number in the direct sum of several Abelian graded spaces.

dimension(rs::AbelianGradedSpaceSum) -> Int

Get the total dimension of the direct sum of several Abelian graded spaces.

dimension(gs::AbelianGradedSpace) -> Int

Get the total dimension of an Abelian graded space.

dimension(rs::RepresentationSpace, i::Integer) -> Int

Get the degenerate dimension of the ith Abelian quantum number contained in a representation space.

dimension(rs::AbelianGradedSpaceProd{N, QN}, qns::NTuple{N, QN}) where {N, QN<:AbelianQuantumNumber} -> Int

Get the degenerate dimension of the Abelian quantum number fused by qns in the direct product of several Abelian graded spaces.

value(qn::AbelianQuantumNumberProd, i::Integer) -> Number

Get the value of the ith simple Abelian quantum number in a Deligne tensor product.

value(qn::SimpleAbelianQuantumNumber) -> Number

Get the value of a simple Abelian quantum number.